Citation Key identifying original historical & contemporary sources for “The Official Plan to Eliminate the Midwife: 1900-1930 & beyond” {OPEM}
I used my own system to identify each of the primary sources referenced in the OPEM.
At the end of the each quote or block of quotes you will find a reference code. It begin with the year the material was published (ex. 1881) and a letter (a, b, c, etc) to indicate which references for that year is being referred to.
The example below is 1881-A. In this case, there is only one reference published that year. When there are more than reference for the same year, each one is identified by sequential letters of the alphabet.
1881-A // “Transaction of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society“, Vol. 6, Session 1880-81, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyn, 1881 // discourse on menstruation and the curing of ham and why menstruating women are not fit to perform certain work
A single cited reference number is at the end of several paragraphs means they are all from the same source.
1881-A // “Transaction of the Edinburgh Obstetrical Society“, Vol. 6, Session 1880-81, Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyn, 1881 // discourse on menstruation and the curing of ham and why menstruating women are not fit to perform certain work
1907-A // American Journal of Obstetrics, “Regulation of Midwives”, by Mabbott, MD begins p. 516
1910 ~ Transactions (i.e. written record) of the 1st annual meeting of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality(TAASPIM), Published by John Hopkins University, Baltimore
1910-A // TAASPIM –Jacobi, MD; Opening Address for the first of the five annual meetings of this AASPIM.
1911-A // Boston Medical and Surgical Journal, Vol. CLXIV by Emmons & Huntington, MD; “A Review of the Midwife Situation”, begins p. 251
1911 ~ Transactions of the 2nd meeting of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality— (TAASPIM}published by the Franklin Press, Baltimore, Md
1911~A // TAASPIM — Section on Midwifery, p. 163
1911-B // TAASPIM — Williams.MD – “The Midwife Problem and Medical Education in the US”
1911-C // TAASPIM — Emmons & HuntingtonMD “Has the Trained Midwife Made Good?”
1911-D // TAASPIM — Emmons, MD “Obstetrics Care in the Congested Districts of our Large American Cities”
1911-E // TAASPIM –Price, MD “The Problem of Midwifery from the Standpoint of Administration”
1911-F // TAASPIM –Beitler,MD “Registration and Practice of Midwifery”
1911-G // TAASPIM — Josephine Baker, MD “School for Midwives”
1911-H // TAASPIM — Sub-committee Reports begins p.249
1912 ~ Transactions of the 3rd meeting of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality— published by the Franklin Press, Baltimore, Md
1912-A // TAASPIM — Section on Midwifery
1912-B // TAASPIM — Ziegler, MD “The Elimination of the Midwife”, p. 222
1912-C // TAASPIM — Kosmak, MD “Does the Average Midwife Meet the Requirements of a Patient in Confinement?”, p. 238
1912-D // TAASPIM — Sub-committee Reports, begins p. 260
1914-A // American Journal of Public Health, Vol. IV — Carolyn Van Blarcom, RN “Midwives in American”, p. 197
1915 ~ Transactions of the 5th (and final) meeting of the American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality — by the Franklin Press, Baltimore, Md
1915-A // TAASPIM — Edgar, MD “The Education, Licensing and Supervision of the Midwife”, p.90
1915-B // TAASPIM — Baldy, MD “IS the Midwife Necessary?, p. 105
1915-C // TAASPIM — DeLee,MD “Progress Towards Ideal Obstetrics”, p.114
1915-D //TAASPIM — Discussion, begins p. 123
1915-E // TAASPIM — Sub-committee Reports, begins p. 139
1915-F // New York State Journal of Medicine, Vol. XV — Young, MD “The Midwife Problem in the State of New York”, p.291 — 301
1915-G // American Journal of Public Health; Vol. V — Terry, Health Officer “Midwives: Their Influence on Early Infant Mortality”, p. 695-699
1915-H // American Journal of Public Health Association, Vol.#5, 1915; Boston,Mass — Discussion from transcript of meeting held December 1914, Jacksonville, Fla., page 700
1915-I // JAMA, Vol. LXIV Moran, MD “The Endowment of Motherhood”, p. 122 — 126
1915-J // Practical Points in Nursing for the Nurse in Private Practice, Saunders Co. Stoney, RN “Conduct of Labor & Delivery”, p.138-139
1917-A // 13th Annual Meeting of the Am. Assoc. of Obstetrics and Gynecologists, Newark, NJ James Harrar, MD “Causes of Death in Childbirth; Maternal Mortalities in 100,000 Confinements at the New York Lying-In Hospital”, p. 38-41
1917-B // 13th Annual Meeting of the Am. Assoc. of Obstetrics and Gynecologists, Newark, NJ Julius Levy, MD — “The Maternal & Infant Mortality in Midwifery Practice in Newark, NJ”
1922-A // American Journal of Public Health, Charles Edward Ziegler, MD “How Can We Best Solve the Midwifery Problem?”, p. 405-413
1924-A // The American Journal of Public Health, Rucker, MD — “The Relationship of Midwife to Obstetric Mortality, with especial reference to New Jersey”, p.816-822
1925-A // Southern Medical Journal, Vol. XVIII, Jan. 1925, Hardin, MD “The Midwife Problem” 347-350
1937-A // Into This Universe , by Alan Frank Guttmacher, MD , Associate in Obstetrics, John Hopkins University Viking Press, 1937, Excerpts from “Safer Childbirth”, Charter 4, p. 329
1940-A // Obstetrics and Gynecology Textbook, University of Chicago, edited by Fred Adair, M.A., M.D., F.A.C.S.
1941-A // Merchants in Medicine by Emanuel Josephson, MD; Chedney Press, NY (published in 1937 under title “Your Life is their Toy”, a history of the AMA and its organizational architect, Dr. George Simmons)
1952-A // A Practical Handbook of Midwifery and Gynecology, by Drs. , by Drs. Haultain and Kennedy; published by E&S Livingstone Ltd, Edinburgh & London, 1952
1966-A // Davis’ Gynecology And Obstetrics: J. Rovinsky, MD, FACOG (published 1968)
1976-A // Point by point review of Bowland Decision, California Supreme Court,
1976-B // “The Bowland Decision and Abortion — An Aside”
1986-A // Hospital Administrations Currents, Vol.30, p. 9-14
1991-B // Annual Survey of Vital Statistics -1990, Pediatrics, Vol. 88, December 1990, #6
1991-A // Birth Environments, p. 7 & 14; Alice Lerman, JD, M. Architecture, University of Milwaukee, School of Architecture
1992-A // Obstetrics: Normal & Problem Pregnancies, Edited by Gabbe, Niebly, Simpson; published Churchill Livingstone, New York
1992-B // “Landmark Decision for British Homebirth and Midwifery” House of Commons, Session 1991-92, Health Committee (Chairman Nicholas Winterton), Second Report, Maternity Services, Vol. 1, published on March 4th, 1992, HMSO, London
1993-A // Hospital Discharges Diagnoses for the State of California
1993-B // OB-GYN News, September 15, 1993, article about negotiations by representatives of California chapter of ACOG with Senator Lucy Killea over the proposed Licensed Midwifery Practice Act of 1993
1994-A // “Pursuing the Birth Machine” by Marsden Wagner, MD; ACE Graphics, Australia
1994-B // “Myth of Vicarious Liability — Impact on Barriers to Nurse-Midwifery Practice” by Susan Jenkins, RN, JD; Journal of Nurse Midwifery – Vol. 39, #2. March/April 1994
1995-A // Obstetric Myths Versus Research Realities — a Guide to Medical Literature, by Henci Goer; published by Bergin & Garvey, Connecticut, London
1996-A // ‘The Lancet’ – vol. 346, “A Global Witch-Hunt” by Marsden Wagner, MD– article on the world-wide opposition to Independent Midwives and Domiciliary Birth Services (home-based maternity care).
1996-B // Letter by Marsden Wagner, MD regarding the non-meritorious investigation of Australian Midwife Lecky-Thomas
1989-A // “Effective Care in Pregnancy and Childbirth: a synopsis for guiding practice and research” by Drs. Iain Chalmers, Murray Enkin, and Marc J. N C. Keirse
2000-A // “Safety of Alternative Approaches to Childbirth“, Peter Schlenzka, Ph.D. Thesis submitted to Stanford University, March 1999
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